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本站导读: 2014年3月29日,复旦大学选举与人大制度研究中心、中南财经政法大学选举与自治研究中心、世界与中国研究所联合主办了“当前选举存在的问题和改革方向”学术研讨会,会议对衡阳贿选事件本身、事件的原因和影响、中国选举制度改革的方向和建议等内容进行了详尽的学术探讨。

 

  编者按:2014年3月29日,复旦大学选举与人大制度研究中心、中南财经政法大学选举与自治研究中心、世界与中国研究所联合主办了“当前选举存在的问题和改革方向”学术研讨会,会议对衡阳贿选事件本身、事件的原因和影响、中国选举制度改革的方向和建议等内容进行了详尽的学术探讨。共识网授权发布全文,以飨读者。

  参会学者:

  扶松茂:复旦大学选举与人大制度研究中心

  周其明:中南财经政法大学选举与自治研究中心

  李凡:世界与中国研究所

  秦前红:武汉大学法学院

  蒋劲松:中央财经大学法学院

  马岭:中国青年政治学院法学院

  李辉:复旦大学选举与人大制度研究中心

  柳红:独立学者

  雷弢:北京社科院

  陆智敏:北京华一律师事务所

  程海:北京悟天律师事务所

  罗洪洋:中南财经政法大学法学院

  孙龙:中国人民大学国际关系学院

  唐海华:中国人民大学国际关系学院

  王广辉:中南财经政法大学法学院

  袁达毅:北京行政学院政治学教研部

  衡阳贿选暴露出我国人大选举之弊

  扶松茂(复旦大学):各位专家、各位朋友,衡阳选举问题出来之后,借此机会让大家聚在一起进一步思考这个问题和现象反映出来的制度和体制上的问题,这是非常有价值的,在这个讨论过程中我们没有什么忌讳,这是我们开会一直主张的原则。今天我们主要是围绕这次衡阳的贿选问题进行讨论,大规模贿选行政长官在国内外都是有的,但是代表贿选,中国好像没有这么大面积的。从学术角度来看,因为为中国带来了非常好的暴露制度和体制上的问题的案例,这会成为一个经典的教学案例,特别是在国外,这个东西国外还没有一定了解,我们希望通过这个研讨进一步把它深化。

  周其明(中南财经政法大学):从个案上来讲是关于衡阳的选举,但实际上其中暴露的问题是关于选举制度,涉及到我们的基本政治制度--人大制度。关于这样一个问题,今天能够在一起探讨,希望取得一个比较好的成果。

  李凡(世界与中国研究所):去年12月底的时候,很多媒体、记者来找我,说有这么一个事,问我怎么看。我当时想到这是中国选举中很严重的事件,因为几年前衡阳就已经有过贿选案例,当时有记者就来找过我们,去年12月份一下这个问题就出来了。媒体关于这件事的报道越来越多,而且案子的深入程度,腐败到什么程度也逐渐暴露出来了。我们做选举研究的人就一直在考虑就这个问题是不是应该搞一个研讨会,从今年1月份我们就已经有了这个想法,我们请一些专家学者就这次贿选事件深入的交换一下意见,到底我们的选举制度出了什么样的问题。

  这个案子是建国以来我们从来没有遇见过的,包括我们做选举研究的人也从来没有碰到这么大一个案例。关于间接选举的事我们听到过一些,但是间接选举内部腐败到这种程度,这是没有想象到的。今天开这个讨论会稍微简单一点,所谓的简单就是大家就这个案例,到底发生了什么事,大家从学者的角度把它勾画一下,到底什么原因,发生了什么事,对我们选举制度产生了什么样的影响。我们现在想的是在年底再开一个会,关于中国的《选举法》和选举制度到底应该怎么改的问题,所以这个会完了之后,我们希望大家做选举的一些学者和律师、NGO组织,大家回去以后用点时间准备一下,今年年底我们再开一个会,讨论的事就是谈中国的选举制度怎么改。这个会我们的目的不仅是要把这个案例谈清楚,我觉得重要的还是为我们下一步着眼于中国的选举制度到底怎么改。这个选举制度我们也不是说到此为止就把它扔了重来一个,重来也不可能,所以还是在现有制度上怎么改的问题,《选举法》怎么修改的问题。

  复旦大学选举与人大研究中心和中南政法大学的选举与地方治理研究中心和我们研究所合作得也比较多,我们在选举问题上、地方治理问题上有长期合作关系。中国的大学里,选举制度研究正式挂牌的也就那么两个。这样大家一起合作研究。选举的问题是个很大的问题,我们现在的领导看起来好像在政治改革上还是想做点事的,选举制度怎么改我觉得是个很大的问题,涉及到中国未来发展的问题,所以非常欢迎各位来,希望大家再做点准备,今年年底我们再开一个会。谢谢大家!

  第一部分 案例讨论

  李凡:衡阳市人大自己就是一个大腐败机关

  李凡:下面进入第二阶段,这个阶段本来安排了两个小时,希望一些了解情况的人来谈一下衡阳贿选。我们邀请了了解相关情况的两位记者,结果最后他们都表示不能来。我们只能将他们所写的有关衡阳贿选的报道发给大家,好在这两篇报道都很深入,非常详细,从中我们可以对衡阳贿选的整体情况有个较为清晰的认识。

  这两篇文章我们都已经提前发给了大家,相信大家都已经看过了,我简单的对这个事稍微总结一下,然后大家讨论一下,我们利用这个时间把这个案子搞得更清楚一点。

  间接选举到底是怎么回事,我们不大清楚,我们比较清楚直接选举,比如柳红的选举,柳红做独立候选人去参选,地方政府怎么干的,我们都清楚,但是间接选举怎么回事我们确实不太清楚。这几篇报道,我看完之后有几个感觉,他讲了湖南邵阳市和衡阳市,主要以衡阳为主。衡阳市里有76名省人大代表,衡阳市一级产生了76名省人大代表,76名当中,有56名省人大代表是花钱买的。衡阳有518名市人大代表,这次全部被免了,一共是520多个市人大代表,被免掉了518个,有68名人大的工作人员也都处理了,也是因为拿到钱被处理的。还有一个问题,市人大代表怎么产生的,是县人大代表选的,这518名市人大代表在选市人大代表的时候是不是也是花钱买的,如果涉及到县人大代表,每个县几百名人大代表是不是也都拿到钱了,这个就没交代了。但是我感觉这个面可能远远比我们想象的更大,可能还涉及到很多县人大代表,他们也花钱了,那518名现在只是说被免职了,怎么处理?他们到底算是什么呢?花钱买的,是不是应该进入刑事程序呢?也都没交代。

  这次衡阳贿选总金额是1.1亿,人均20万,那么是谁在买选票?原来我们的感觉应该是民营企业家在买票,但是你看到这个报道了,民营企业家只是一部分,市直机关干部也在买票,本来我们的印象中市机关应该是组织部内定的了,你是一个部长,是什么英雄、模范,定下来就是你了,你还去买票干吗?没想到市直机关也在买票,国企高层也在买票。贿选的资金来源也很有意思,民营企业家的钱是民营企业家自己出的,毫无问题,市直机关干部和国企高层老板买票是由他们单位出钱,单位里能有这个钱,也是很有意思的。

  这个事还揭发了什么问题呢?就是谁在帮助买票。这些代表们直接给500多名人大代表送钱根本不可能送得到,也不知道人在哪儿,报道里讲得很清楚是选联委在买票,选联委在帮助,而且主动跟这些人大代表讲你要捐多少钱,跟他讲你的钱不够了,那个人大代表花了多少钱,所以你这点钱不够,还得加,然后他还得再加,由选联委的人把钱送到这些代表们家里。衡阳市人大自己就是一个大腐败机关,自己干的就是这个活,这个也是我没有想到的,这个应该是关起门来做的,怎么这样公开、直接?这也是一个没有想到的事。

  谁收了钱?518名人大代表现在被免职了,全都收了钱,他们都是因为收了钱被免职的,他们都是什么人我们都很清楚,市一级人大代表,按照现在的规定要70%以上的是党员,而且相当大部分的都是各级干部,市里的这些主要领导人,各部部长、各局局长都是,文章里也讲了县长、人大主任、几个县的县长、科长、局长全都收了钱。几乎所有衡阳的干部全都收了钱,去年12月份的时候,衡阳有一个姓毛的律师给我打了电话,他问我知不知道这个事。当时报道还没有出来,他说衡阳的事已经出来了,我说到什么程度,他说只有市长没有被牵连,我说为什么市长没牵连,他说市长是后调来的。市长没有参加这次选举,没有受牵连,现在市里的市长还在,剩下的从书记以下全完蛋。官员、书记,最大的就是当天管事的市委书记童名谦,后来是湖南省政协的副主席,现在他是被双规,开除党籍。衡阳的事从报道里,从上一届07、08年的选举中当时就有记者打电话给我,当时媒体上已经报道了很多衡阳贿选的事,当时都报道出来了,内部也没有处理,紧跟着到了去年的选举又出了这么多事,这五年来的情况就没有人处理,而且愈演愈烈,这个报道还讲又回到了2002年就已经开始在那儿贿选。

  但是查案的过程,看报道,讲法不一样,林的报道说是因为习近平去年10月份到湖南去访问,中央巡视组的人向他汇报了这个情况,习近平震怒。但是从《财经》的报道看还不是,应该更往前,到去年年初就已经有报道了,而且有人开始揭发了。私营企业家出了钱没拿到代表,但是钱没退回来,或者是钱退回来了,但还是揭发了。这个选举我们看到的情况就是非常复杂的情况,而且是我们没有想到的,没有想到我们的间接选举腐败的情况已经到了这种程度。我们就提出一个问题,中国的间接选举是不是都是这样,我很自然的会提出这个问题,湖南是这样,别的地方呢?其他地方是不是这样,市选到省级是这样,那么省选中央呢,省选全国人大代表呢?县级到市一级是怎么回事?这518名人大代表是市级人大代表,你怎么当的,你从县里选上来的,你是怎么当上的。间接选举的黑幕我觉得可以下结论就是非常大,直接选举我们也知道有一些黑幕,但是现在看来直接选举稍好一点。记者采访我的时候我当时就讲中国选举制度要改革,应该把间接选举宣布取消,因为黑幕太大了,什么也不公开,或者至少选举的过程当中让社会人士派两个人去旁边看着,全过程公开,过程我们大家看着,投票站我们去看着,所以一定要公开。

  我还有一个问题就是为什么禁止不住?上一届选举衡阳出了问题,媒体已经报道了,你为什么禁止不了?衡阳的事出来以后,有一些学者写的文章提出一些很重要的问题就是提名权的问题,这个报道里也讲了,这些企业家们占的名额都是工人、农民的名额,我是一个企业家,我就可以占工人的名额,我是一个乡党委书记,我就可以占农民名额,我们的人大代表选举,到底农民、工人能有几个?恐怕就没有,市一级可能就没有了,这个社会的声音、各个阶层的声音怎么反映出来?

  我就简单提一下我看完之后的想法,我稍微归纳了一下,然后大家议论一下。

  周其明:33个企业家自己出的钱,国企单位是单位出的钱,那些局长呢。

  李凡:单位出的钱。

  周其明:大中专院校的代表,这个钱是学校出的?

  李凡:这里没写,那就学校出。他们希望学校的声音被政府听到,你就花钱,属于公关。

  秦前红:当代表对于民营企业家是一种护身符

  秦前红(武汉大学):我先说一说。衡阳选举我也一直在关注,邵阳的选举我就写过文章,一个民营企业家为什么高价去贿选代表。这个事情被捅出来,跟邵阳那个姓黄的企业家有关系,衡阳选举时有几个企业家出了钱最后没有当选,就要去讨回一个公道。这个姓黄的企业家在邵阳选举后就揭发了当地的贿选情况,有经验,衡阳的几位落选者就直接找了这个人,黄就给他教了几个办法,一是写内参,二是上网络,三是信访。黄跟他们说的意见是走内参、走清样是最有效的,但是最后他们是以网络方式把这个事情报了。我在人大待过八年,我现在是政协常委,对这些我有一些自己的观察。

  他们通过网络的方式举报,加上习近平书记去湖南,知道了这个事情。过去我们传统的对这一类的选举丑闻都是采取包的方式,即便处理也是内部处理,不会向社会公开。后来因为这个事闹得很大,加上可能高层对湖南官场吏治腐败到了令人发指的地步的震怒,据说习听到这个报告的时候说连问三句说衡阳的共产党哪里去了,所以下决心把这个事情做一个处理。

  我当初得到这样一个消息以后,就感觉超出了我的经验世界。过去从我的感性所接触的和我认识到的,在中国今天的人大制度里,贿选差不多已经叫做暗流涌动了,每个地方都存在,但是每个地方存在的程度是不一样的。一般在湖北或者其他我了解的地方,贿选主要集中在老板阶层。通常我们的人大代表选举提名方式有几种,一个是所谓的由组织部或者是人大主席团来提名的,第二是由民主党派或者无党派,这个叫统战部系统来提名的,第三种是所谓的要给他稍微有点差额空间的,现在《选举法》的规定是必须要差额选举,前两种是指定当选的,剩下的差额就集中到老板要去当代表。 老板为什么最近多年来热衷于当代表,而且出价越来越高,现在有人讲一个全国人大代表的出价是两千万,省人大代表的出价,湖南衡阳反映的基本是均价,一般两百万左右。民营企业家当代表是有几种原因,一是它反映了社会结构的变化,阶层固化以后,或者说我们的政治是权贵阶层,固化以后,民营企业家从他的事业本身的发展或者从他的人身自由、经营自由的保护,都需要有这样一种护身符,二是民营企业家的互相攀比效应,比如我们都有钱了,我们还要比点什么东西呢,就比有没有红帽子,比有没有所谓的政协委员、人大代表的身份。第三种民营老板要去当代表的原因就是他是一个很便利的官商交易的结构。通常在一个省里当省代表,他可以很方便的结识一个厅长和副省长,作为一个全国代表,你可以很方便的结识一个部长甚至国家领导人。如果民营企业家仅仅花钱是没有办法搭建这种人脉的,中国这样一种文化里可能老板都有一种为富不仁、官商勾结的印象,开人代会的时候,民营企业家人大代表可以搞小组代表联络活动或者是在小组里有书记、市长、省长可能会关心我这个企业的发展,或者在汇报业绩的时候说我这里照顾了残疾人等等请领导看一看,这种情况很方便的进行了沟通,最后就达成了一种利益的勾兑。这是企业家代表为什么热衷于当代表的第三条原因,这是一个最重要的原因。

  我在武汉市了解到的很多企业家要选择去当代表,以贿选的方式是能重点突破的,就是攻破提名委员会的环节,比如我们人大里有一个选举任免委员会,专委会的主任是很有权力的,分管选举任命委员会的副主任是有权力的,再就是所谓的一把手主任是有权力的,再就是组织部长负责选举,也是有权力的,只要攻破这样一个环节,其他的那些所谓的有选举权的代表就吃点饭、送点小礼物就可以达成这样一个目的。所以衡阳所出现的这样一个事件有点令人匪夷所思,花出这样的高价,包括刚才李凡老师讲的,党政干部这一类的人就是组织部提名、主席团提名的,提名的时候,比如在选举的时候,他都要去做功课的,在正式选举投票的时候,每个代表团的团长或者是选举委员会的专委会主任会把代表召集起来说,我们带你们做一点功课,哪些是你必须要勾的,哪些你是可以自由选举的,当然这些老板本来是要用差额选举的,选举负责人得了好处以后也可以跟下面的代表团说,比如某个人对我们选区的税收贡献比较大,或者这个人做了很多慈善等等,找个理由,也在做功课里把他弄上去。这种控制只限于在代表团内做功课,但是代表团和代表团之间,比如在武汉是有10个代表团,保证组织意图里代表团的团长之间或者负责具体衔接事务之间的人也做一些沟通,其实这个差额的面是极小的,衡阳既然能够指定当选,为什么要拿钱去搞贿选?这个有点难以琢磨,可能是既有制度设计层面上的问题,还有可能是跟湖南人的特殊政治生态和政治文化是有关联度的,别的地方不可能有这么大面积的。比如这次湖南衡阳有几个区长、几个县委书记都陷进去了,对于县委书记和区长来说,他是当然代表,做这些也是狗尾续貂的事情,有没有代表无所谓的。我自己带的博士硕士在湖南也特别多,衡阳有一个司法局局长也是我们的学生,他说这种风气有一个倒逼效应,官员有的是人大代表和不是人大代表,提拔程度不一样的;还有一个是面子的问题,同样是一个局长,共同提名为代表候选人,最后我没选上,他选上了,说明他的名声和政绩更好,对他后来的升迁会产生作用,这是一种倒逼的效应。

  我当时对这个问题写了一个评论文章叫《衡阳贿选颠覆了传统的选举叙事》,我们传统的选举就是说人民代表大会制度是一个根本政治制度,中国的选举制度是有优越性的一个选举这一套话语体系等等,衡阳这么一个事情把这个皇帝的新衣给戳破了,这个选举所有的优越性完全不存在。当然这种颠覆还在于把我们法律的规定彻底击穿了,彻底暴露了我们所说的选举和人大制度本身安排的一种粗糙、空洞和无力。现在关于贿选的处理我没有查全,第一个是破坏选举罪,第二是关于党纪政绩方面的规定,因为贿选产生的具体的细节性的规定是完全没有的。我当时提出几个问题,第一,对于这518个衡阳市的接受贿选的代表是用辞职程序,实际上法律是没有规定的,整体辞职以后产生的效力是从什么时候开始的,是要有一个溯及既往的效力,因为你贿选,当选的时候你的代表资格就无效,还是从这个事情爆发的时候你的职务没有效力。启动辞职程序以后和剥夺权利有没有关联?他在多长时间内还能再去当选代表,这次衡阳市重新当选的代表我没有查到名单,可能没有一个重叠,518个覆盖了整个衡阳市的政经的精英结构,把这500多个政经结构全部撇开另起炉灶,对自身的执政基础产生什么影响,这是一个后续值得关注的问题。既然是衡阳市选了76个省人大代表,省人大代表大概有50多个涉及到所谓的贿选的,是行贿的,由这样56个省人大代表选举出来的省人大常委会有没有合法的资格问题,即他们既是人大代表,又是省人大常委会常委,衡阳至少要给它7-8个常委的名额左右,这50多个里至少有7、8个,这个省人大代表和省人大常委会还是不是一个合法有效的机构,如果不是合法有效的机构,处理意见的时候又以省人大常委会作为处理主体责令辞职等等。一个直接问题就是按照我们现在这个刑事法律,行贿受贿5000块钱都可以刑事立案,这里衡阳市每个代表的将近20万,完全符合刑事立案,为什么没有对每个人都采用刑事立案,这都是其中重要的法律点,这是现有法律无法回应的,是未来这个制度改革和制度的安排。

  蒋劲松(中央财经大学):党委提名的候选人都是等额提名吗?我在全国人大工作的时候,不是选全国人大代表,是选全国常委会的委员,明确是差额的,比如选举157个常委委员提名要提170多个,有15个左右的差额幅度,党委提名人大代表为什么是等额提名的呢?是法律要求的差额吗?

  秦前红:不能叫做等额提名,党委提名是要全额当选的。

  李凡:提名有差额,但是党内是等额的,我提上来的都是重要人物,组织部长、宣传部长必须给我选上,差额是从别的地方找的。

  蒋劲松:局长、书记为什么也要行贿呢,因为党委提的名不是等额的,比如我们选70个省人大代表,党委提给市人大代表可能是85个人,所以有15个人可能会被选下去。

  扶松茂:因为提名,领导们有提名了,我提三个,你提两个,党委组织也是有提五个人的权利,最后有一个选举委员会确定候选人的时候就是差额。

  秦前红:提名没有等额的问题。

  扶松茂:到了选举委员会之后,选举委员会就形成差额了。

  袁达毅(北京行政学院):一般而言,是不能差额提名的。政党、人民团体和代表都可以提名,提出来后,在大会主席团汇总以后形成差额。

  秦前红:你一般从逻辑上很多地方是这样的,衡阳不是这么回事,衡阳之所以出这个事是因为姓佟的书记是从邵阳调过去的,他在衡阳是一个过渡,一两年之后可能解决副省级,从他的行事风格是相对无所作为的,不管事,他只想平稳过渡到省里去。衡阳当地政界有各种各样的官员都想把自己的人搞上去,自己的亲信或者自己的交好的企业家,形成了多头竞争,过去如果是组织部一家控制就不可能有大面积的贿选,因为有些政治性要保证的。多头去安排的时候,最后就把价码层层抬高了。

  秦前红:你说的第三点恐怕也是要商榷一下的,有人说腐败曾经是中国经济改革和政治改革的润滑剂一样,现在说贿选某种程度上是好事,表明选票值钱了。我们对这个问题做出这个结论要有一个系统观察,民营企业家通过贿选以后干了什么,干没干推进民主的事情,我所知道老板凡是当选以后就是想拉关系,通常要么是歌德派,就是歌功颂德派。假如说我们讲了这个选票值钱,在现有的比较僵硬的政治架构之下,民营企业家不通过所谓行贿的方式无以当选代表,我们从动机是都可以原谅的原罪,他当选之后积极推动民主发挥他的作用,我所知道的所有企业家当选之后都是想认识相关部门领导,免点税,搞点特殊政策等等。

  扶松茂:绝对不是一样的,它是根据你纳税的,这是完全两样的。

  李凡:纳税是给国家做贡献的。

  柳红:衡阳贿选之后是一个普及选民教育的机会

  柳红(独立学者):这个贿选是发生在什么情况下的贿选,发生在被操纵的选举下的贿选,所以它和一般民主选举下的贿选就不一样。所以一定程度上我赞同邱家军老师的说法。由这个我就想到这么几个问题,衡阳贿选是个案吗?显然不是。衡阳贿选案被曝出来的原因是什么?是被迫被曝出来的,为了转危为安,实际上已经露出来了。

  这样的贿选是不是没有绝对控制、绝对操纵的选举好。我觉得这样毕竟是打破了铁板一块,竞争程度显然高了。我也看到报道,除了那些有钱买票的人,我注意到报道里还有一个女性农民,她也没有钱,就一个代表团接一个代表团告诉人家说我会为老百姓做什么。每个人都在表现自己,竞争程度很高。这个意义上来讲还是有进步意义的。

  由此我们是不是可以做这样一个理论上的描述,我们本来已经说了,地方政府公司化了,我想人大选举是不是也公司化了?所谓公司化是什么,什么东西值得公司化,这个项目的投资回报是可观的,于是就进行公司化运作。显然,我们看到就是这样的一个事实,所以就等于公司化的运作,商业运作已经进到了人大选举的层面了。揭露这个问题我觉得是特别值得可说的,应该多在衡阳贿选案上停留,这也是一个普及选民教育的机会。所以我更看重行动,接下来无论是修改《选举法》还是民间机构在做一些观察和研究,但是第一重要的是做选民教育,让年轻人知道只要有机会他们都是有选举资格的。十天前我去江西几所大学做讲演,我其中就讲到了选举,学生们会站起来发言说我第一次知道我有选举权。

  扶松茂:他们对选举方面真的不了解,所以应该去讲。

  柳红:一个是选民教育,放开独立参选,还有就是允许竞选,不能够竞选的话,独立参选就没有办法放开,这两个是相连的事。

  王广辉:我们长期存在公权力对选举的操纵

  王广辉(中南财经政法大学):这个事情虽然过去了一段时间,现在我们回过头来思考,这个事件可能大家觉得不可接受,但是如果放在整个社会的变化过程当中,特别是社会的转型过程当中来思考的话,我觉得有它的必然性,过去来讲,在计划经济高度集中的体制下,人们的利益不能正当化,利益平均化,固化,现在市场经济当中,利益表面化了,分化以后,我觉得它具有一定的必然性。在这个问题上我们要进一步思考这个问题。这是一个观点。

  第二,对这个事情的评价上,衡阳贿选事件对我们现行的选举制度是一个破坏是一个冲击,对这个事件的评价显然以肯定现行选举制度为前提的,问题在于,我们现行的选举制度是非常合理的吗?在这个问题上,我认为在衡阳贿选事件上肯定我们的现行选举制度的话,就会大大的缩小或者减弱这个事件本身对我们选举制度的影响。这个问题是贿选,过去我们经常批判西方的选举是有钱人游戏,贿选就是花钱,用金钱的力量操纵选举,不是通过正当的民主程序来操纵选举,问题在于我们国家,我们过去没有金钱的操纵,现在出现了,问题在于在西方根本没有的我们长期存在就是权力的操纵,特别是公权力对选举的操纵。现在衡阳贿选事件,我认为是金钱的操纵对权力的操纵的博弈、冲击。我们在否定贿选的同时,也不能肯定我们现在的权力的操纵就是正当、合理的,这两个方面都要去改变,这样的话才能更有意义。

  第三,柳红老师讲的问题,我觉得这个事情要肯定它积极意义,在代表选举方面,包括候选人提出、投票,对代表身份的认同的意识,代表是干什么的,怎么认同。过去来讲,选举大家对代表的身份认同度比较低,这个事情表明至少有一部分人现在已经开始重视代表的身份了,当然他出于什么动机来重视,是不是为了大家的利益来重视那是另外一回事,但是至少有这样一个信号,这是值得肯定的。我们在这个基础上进一步引导,在重视代表身份的基础上引导他为什么要重视,出于什么动机去重视,为了大家的利益去重视,不能为了自己的利益去重视。这个积极意义还要给予肯定,把它作为一个突破口。

  第四,过去我们对我们的人大代表的评价上,代表过去是三多,党员多、干部多、先进模范人物多,现在我觉得应该再增加第四个就是有钱人多。就衡阳这个事情来看,70几个候选人,56个都花钱了,一般的人能花得起这些钱吗?特别是一般的工薪阶层花得起这个钱吗?这个问题我觉得是非常值得思考的,那就说明我们在过去的选举当中,代表的候选人的确定以及最后当选的问题上,这个本身就存在问题。我们的代表也是讲究广泛性,广泛性是各个方面都应该有代表的,这个就限制到不是广泛性的问题,就变成了单一性问题,集中在民营企业家的阶层上,这个数量相当庞大,我觉得这是一个问题。

  再一个方面,发生这样的事情以后,我们不是简单的把这些人处理掉就行了,最关键的是制度的完善,现在贿选的肯定是暗箱操纵,不是公开操作,我们能不能通过一些制度的设计把有些问题公开化,比如你想拉票,可以,公开拉票,合法的、正当的途径公开拉票,这个可以。因为我们现在的选举制度是代表和候选人之间,以及代表和选民之间基本是没办法进行一个深入沟通的,候选人有什么意愿、愿望,不能通过很正常的渠道向选民表达,选民有什么要求也不能正常的反映到代表和候选人这里,这样就采取了暗箱操作,我们能不能公开化,现在有介绍候选人制度,但是介绍候选人制度只是形式上的,只是知道男女,特别是对代表能不能胜任,有没有这个意愿根本没办法了解,这个矛盾性非常大,所以大家觉得投谁都一样,反正都不了解。我能不能通过竞选,至少你要组织一些制度化的使候选人和代表见面沟通,在了解的基础上增加对你投票时候的针对性,这样的话,能够解决这个问题。候选问题很大程度上发生是表达的渠道、沟通的渠道不畅通,没办法通过其他渠道来沟通,就直接通过金钱,金钱最实惠,就达到了这样一个效果,这就促使我们进行选举制度进一步完善,使它更加精致一点,民主化程度更高一点,这个事情的意义就出来了,不能简单把它处理就完了。

  扶松茂:计划选举可以控制竞选性的存在

  扶松茂:这个贿选本身是没有任何值得肯定的地方,但是贿选的时候反映出来人们对选举权和被选举权的诉求的强化,反映的现象是好现象,但是不能希望通过贿选推动中国民主政治,这个绝对是逆民主潮流。西方以前也做过很多贿选,后来选举越来越规范,贿选是没有办法达成民主诉求,因为选举是民主诉求非常重要的工具。目前中国的选举我一直叫做计划选举,计划非常严格,操作的准确,世界上没有任何一个组织可以做得到。衡阳贿选反映出一个问题是计划选举可以控制竞选性的存在,问题是你没有办法控制住贿选,这就说明你的体制上有问题,但是选举制度是没有太大问题的,我们的《选举法》虽然反复修改是有很多地方倒退了,但是总体上来说,选举的整个制度的设计在中国的民主进程里还是非常重要的。复旦大学在2012年的选举中出现了第一轮选举无果的情况,我们把它作为复旦的选举元年,我认为这是标志着中国的公民和人民不仅仅对选举权有意识、有觉悟,现在开始面临着新的被选举权的一个时代的启动,不仅仅是选举权,现在我要争取我的被选举权。这个东西通过任何的控制是没办法逆转的,我是复旦大学的党代表,在这个选举过程中非常明显的看到,70年代党委书记或者选组的组长叫我们怎么投就怎么投,但是90后的学生们根本就不听你这一套的,所以我就觉得这种选举民主政治在中国是有它非常重要的社会力量的支撑的。如果说贿选再外延的话,反而会破坏这个进程,并不是说贿选会推动这个进程。

  现在了解的信息来看,衡阳应该是个案性的,这种全面崩溃在其他地方不会有,但是贿选的现象在各个地方确实有。我们也了解到一些案例,有些地方选举的代表落选了,当地书记非常震怒,因为这个选举是跟他有利益关系的,衡阳是个比较特殊的例子。

  第二部分 衡阳贿选事件的原因和影响

  扶松茂:下面是衡阳贿选事件的原因和影响分析,大家发言的时候要遵循一下时间。第一位请秦老师就事件的原因和影响谈一些看法。

  秦前红:权力的高密度控制是可以消灭贿选的

  秦前红:我刚才已经把我的观点讲得差不多了,我想简单补充几点意见。第一,刚才扶教授所说的在权力控制角度,不可能避免贿选。从我个人角度来讲恰恰结论是相反的。在我们的权力控制中是有办法消除贿选的,而不是没有办法的,恰巧竞争意义的选举没有办法消灭贿选。上次我到台湾参观五都选举的时候发现有两个保证选举公正性的指标,一是有党派监督,台湾是有民进党和国民党的两个党之间的对抗,我们看五都选举,从它的设计选区的投票,一直到最后的中选会宣布选举结果我们是全程看了,在具体投票环节里,投票有民进党和国民党各一个人来监督,监票有两个人,计票也是两个党派的人,在这种情况下台湾选举中仍然充满了黑金政治,这是一个公论,是毋庸颠覆的结论。中国还有市场政治和市场民主,这个不能完全避免贿选。相反,在计划政治的情况下,当觉得选举是毫无意义的情况下,加上权力的高密度控制是可以消灭贿选的。

  第二,选举要有所谓的民主性,要依赖于一种分权架构的。

  第三,依赖于市场的普选架构,有普选以后可以稀释贿选对选举本身结果的影响,你可以操纵少数人,你不可能操纵全部人,这个成本太高了,西方的市场化就依靠政党分权或者普选来消灭贿选。我们消灭它是靠一套严密的权力控制包括技术控制,在我所了解的,比如常委会里,议事表决都是用电子投票,很多地方选人大代表的时候还是人工填票,我们选举讲的匿名投票原则是根本没有的,就是公开投票。武汉现在的投票至今还集中在武汉剧院,市代表就有500人左右,就是在那个剧场里,不能留空位的,挨着坐,周围遍布了监督人员,你旁边的人他有可能秘密告状的,有高度的心理震慑,加上每次选举之前,有换届的时候,上下是高度重视的,市委书记和省委书记一定要去严明纪律,谁不按照党的意图投票,就按照法律的措施来收拾你的。另外开党员全体会议,每次有换届的时候,都在人大成立一个临时党组的,党组对你有很多要求,具体到最后,在选举的投票日的当天里,就告诉你怎么投票,会拿一个示范表格,这个表格里说我们选哪些人哪些人,你们照着做功课等等措施,可以消灭贿选的东西的。衡阳这个事情是一个分权结构,因为在换届之年的时候,市委书记从一个地方调到另外一个地方,他只想平安过渡,不想惹事,他到衡阳来的时间很短,深入不下去,另外所有的大佬,比如前市委副书记、前组织部领导、前人大副主任,都要参加这个分权体制,都想退下之前留下政治遗产,安排自己的亲信,另外想捞点好处,破坏了早先的控制结构,早先的控制结构是市委书记、组织部长、市委书记到人大常委会副主任、选举委员会副主任,这套体系可以完全消除贿选,保证你的意图百分之百的实现。这次是都想分权,所以就失控了。某种意义上,衡阳这个事情里,在中国只能是一个特例,不是一个普遍的,企业老板去贿选,衡阳这个事情里面,跟未来中国的选举发展是两个方向,第一,使执政党对这个选举更加严密的控制。这次重庆选举里就采取了严密的控制,兹事体大,怠慢不得。第二是这些贿选会采取更加隐秘的手段。这次湖南的贿选是赤裸裸的,拿着密码箱拎着钱就干了,以后可能通过别的隐秘的方式,提供你其他的利益,提供所谓的期权和其他红利的回报。选举本身一定是个大系统,没有政党民主推进,没有代表制度的改进,没有权力配置的变化,或者不推进普选,我个人是悲观的,我们不要指望这个选举有任何实质意义上的积极变化。

  周其明:我们接下来讨论的是关于衡阳贿选的影响以及原因问题,我查了相关媒体的报道。把这次事件定位还是比较高的,国内的财经定义为这是建国以来涉案金额最大、涉案党政官员和人大代表最多的一次舞弊案件,是不是最大的一次呢,我没有统计过,但是大家认为是最大的一个关于选举方面的舞弊案。海外媒体也说成是中国建国以来的头一个特大的贿选丑闻,这个定位还是很高的,中央现在处理也是比较严厉的。

  我们谈它的影响,目前来看,真正关注衡阳贿选案件的人并不是很多,我们圈内的学者来说,研究人大制度的、研究政治学、宪法学的这样一些学者也未必都很关注这个问题。对于普通民众来说,我感觉他们觉得这些事情跟他们没有什么关系,因为不管是贿选还是权力控制下的选举,对他们来说结果都是一样的,他认为这个东西跟他没有什么关系。所以我说的一个问题就是,没有一个广大的民众参与的情况下,我们的选举制度的变革将是一个非常漫长的过程。

  前些年因为做选举遇到一些困难,我后来做了一些关于业委会在社区选举的个案,调查了大概60多个社区,有一个非常切身的体会,在我们国家这样一种民主发展还不是很充分的情况下,参与选举本身是一个非常危险的事情。一般来说,在这种情况下有两种结果,第一种结果就是那样一些参与相关的公共事务的先行者,他们可能会受到打击,甚至会付出血的代价。这样一种不充分或者不成熟的民主条件下,我们这个选举或者是民主实际上最后成了先行者的殉道场。另外一种结果就变成了野心家的天堂。我们衡阳贿选事件大致也可以说明这一点,我们不能说这些参选的人员都是野心家,实际上表明了一点,在没有广泛参与的情况下,这样一种选举目前来说基本就是这样两种结果。

  我在这个问题上想了一个问题,对于我们国家来说,对于公民来说,这样一个参与公共事务的义务远远还没有形成一个习惯性的意识,尽管这么多年来我们国家法律制度得到了比较大的发展,对于很多人来说,权利意识有了很大程度的增长,知道自己拥有哪些权利,但是没有义务意识,特别是没有参与公共事务的意识,在这种情况下它的影响在目前来说还是比较有限的。对于这样一个过程,就是从选举的权力的操控变成金钱的操控,总体来说是这样一种情况。

  我有一个归纳,如果从学理上进行描述的话,我们选举的发展今天到了一个阶段,在这样一个发展演变的阶段里,它是对选举权力、选拔权力垄断的突破。目前对于官员的选拔、人大代表的选择来说,这么多年来是关于选拔权力的垄断。现在演变到对公民的选举权利和被选举权利的重视,尽管它是采取贿选的方式,通过这样一种方式已经突破了过去对于选拔权力的垄断,一定意义上来说,我比较赞成邱家军博士的判断,是一种好的现象,但这是通过恶的形式来体现的。衡阳贿选产生的原因恰恰是因为人民没有参与选举的结果,没有自由和公正的选举,贿选才大行其道。不管是好的还是坏的,它现在已经开始慢慢打破了过去的选举权的垄断。这是关于贿选的影响。

  第二,这个事件里可能涉及了比较重要的理论问题,特别是关于国家民主的发展路径和人大制度的完善。我们没有民众的广泛参与,民众的广泛参与显然应当通过直接选举的形式来表现。关于直接选举,从选举制度的发展来说有一个不可逆转的现象,就是公民的选举权从县乡人大代表的选举权慢慢可能会扩大到上一级或者更上一级,也就是选举层级的扩大。选举层级的扩大是一个趋势,这样一个趋势体现了我们国家民主的进步,但是这样一种进步可能会带来一个问题,当地方实现民主化以后,它可能会给国家整个民主发展过程造成一个问题,就是说地方政权有可能会挑战中央的集权制度。这样一种情况可能会对我们国家发展带来一些负面的影响,也就是说在高层没有民主化的情况下,推进基层民主的发展存在理论的错误。我们要早些关注这个问题。宪法学研究的很多人很多年前一直讲彭真委员长的一句话,当大家先管好一个村的时候,慢慢就会学会管好一个乡,然后再学会去管好一个县,再管好一个省。这是早期的基层民主推进全民民主的发展道路,从理论上来说是有缺陷的。

  从我们国家的民主推进来说,将来还有一个变化趋势就是,从人大代表的选举慢慢扩大为对政府领导人的选举。我们谈选举目前仅限于人大代表的选举,其实还有另外一块就是关于政府领导人的直接选举。关于政府领导人的直接选举,步云乡的选举开创了这样一个模式。如果开启直接选举乡镇长,到最后直接选举县长和区长,到这一级的时候,县长和区长对选民负责还是对人大负责,可能会慢慢的造成中国政治制度的演变,人大制度内涵可能会有一些新的变化。这是我们必须应该解决的重大理论问题,这些理论问题显然因为我们的选举还没有真正的走向正常化,所以还没有引起足够的关注。这是我想说的第二个问题。

  第三,关于衡阳贿选案涉及到的一些法律问题,关于其中的法律问题,秦前红老师做了很多归纳,他说的一些方面我就不说了。我说的主要是两个问题,第一个是我们国家的选举制度的变革在很大程度上就是一个选举权的保障问题,但是在这点上,我们现在还很难突破,也就是说到底是否愿意给民众以选举权,或者说民众是否有这种意愿和能力去争取这种选举权。从目前来讲,作为执政者的态度来说,到底是放权还是压制,这对它来说是一种选择。目前对普通民众来说,只有一个选举权,就是对县乡人大代表选举的权利。从中国的发展来说,要真正体现我们这种制度的优越性或者制度自信,是一个政治决策问题。如果民众真的慢慢养成参与公共事务的习惯,愿意履行参与公共事务的义务,这样的话,上下的合力可能会有一个转变。在我们的选举制度里真正确立一个根本的目标,那就是要保障公民的选举权和被选举权,把这个写进《选举法》的第一条,这是选举立法的最根本的问题。

  在上次的2010年的《选举法》中,我和上海人大的研究人员一起提交了一个建议稿,首要的一点是希望在《选举法》的第一点里明确立法目的。每一部法律都应当有立法目的,我们为什么制定这样一个法律,这个东西应该写进法律,但是中国的法律里有几部法律是没有这样一个要素的,比如宪法,宪法里就没有讲我们为什么要立宪。《选举法》里我们为什么要制定《选举法》的问题就没有说,现行《选举法》的第一条就是根据宪法制定本法。为什么要根据宪法制定本法?我们的《选举法》制定出来是干什么的,这些问题在法律上都没有明确。对于没有明确保障选举权的法律来说,不能指望它在具体条文里落实这样一个问题。将来中国选举制度变革的一个很重要的关键,就是至少从思想上、意识上认识到我们这个社会已经演变到了这样一个阶段,这个阶段应当保障普通民众的选举权,才能真正从选拔走向选举。

  在这次衡阳贿选案中,我们发现追责的主体主要是湖南省委纪委和中纪委,而不是由选举委员会或者司法机关追责的,即使由司法机关追责首先也是由党的部门处理,所以主要还是作为党纪来处理,这实际已经超越了法律的当初设计的范围,也说明了我们《选举法》设定的追责体制已经失灵了,这个法律制度落实得不是很好。目前我们国家《选举法》里面的问题很多,第一是关于法律责任的设计。法律责任设定里,《选举法》第十一章里只有两个条文,标题就是对破坏选举制裁。选举责任有许多种,并不仅仅是破坏选举制裁,而把破坏选举制裁仅仅限于行政法律责任和刑事法律责任,这个法律责任其实有很多种,甚至将来还包括民事法律责任,在标题上就没有写上法律责任,其他法律里都有一个章节。立法中章节最好直接说关于违反《选举法》的法律责任或者说简称为法律责任,目前这个标题不是这样写的。这是立法上的一个问题。

  衡阳贿选案从追责上来看,目前已经有60位已经移送给司法机关了,其他就是责令辞职。追究法律责任里,特别是刑事法律责任里只涉及两个罪名,一个是破坏选举罪,再一个是玩忽职守罪。秦老师说到了其中里面关于受贿的人是否应该追究受贿罪的问题,在刑法里似乎是比较明确的,刑法理论中有牵连犯或者犯罪竞合的理论,一个行为涉及到两个罪名,应当按照重罪进行处罚。同时犯破坏选举罪和受贿罪或者行贿罪,应当按受贿罪或者行贿罪处罚。但2013年后的司法解释改变了这一点,比如在最高人民法院和最高人民检察院颁布的司法解释中,也就是2013年1月份实施的《关于办理行贿刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》,这个解释里说得很清楚,行贿受贿过程中涉及其他罪名的,这个解释里讲的是数罪并罚,也就是以行贿受贿手段破坏选举的,将以行贿罪、受贿罪和破坏选举罪数罪并罚。数罪并罚还涉及到玩忽职守罪同时有受贿罪,这两个罪名也是数罪并罚的。《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理渎职刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释(一)》中规定,国家机关工作人员实施渎职犯罪并收受贿赂,同时构成受贿罪的,除刑法另有规定外,以渎职犯罪和受贿罪数罪并罚。

  从这次移交湖南省司法机关的处理来说,是以破坏选举罪来追究的,破坏选举罪是轻罪,刑法规定在第四章,即侵犯公民权利和人身权利的256条,三年以下有期徒刑,罪刑很轻。如果按照受贿罪来处罚,罪刑是比较重的,可以比照贪污贿赂罪这样一种处罚,属于情节特别严重。按照司法解释来说,这个情况行贿200万以上或者受贿20万以上,都是情节特别严重,可以处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,情节特别严重还可以处死刑。衡阳贿选案从法律处理上来说,我们现在还没有看到最终结果,目前相关司法机关追究的罪名还是有一些问题,这个说明,现在对于衡阳贿选案件的处理,尽管面积和人数都涉及比较大,远远还没有按照我们的法律规定来对它进行处理。

  扶松茂:接下来是请孙龙老师。

  孙龙:间接选举比直接选举更加容易出现贿选

  孙龙(中国人民大学):这是一个有意思的案例,不仅涉及到法律问题,还是一个政治学和社会学问题。我查了衡阳市的人口,整个衡阳市人口是700多万,我还查了关于贿选的英文资料,发现关于贿选的英文资料非常多,历史上,英国、美国18、19世纪的时候贿选非常多,现在,拉美、非洲和东南亚也有很多贿选。我阅读了其中一部分内容,发现衡阳贿选案件和欧美早期、跟现在东南亚、非洲、拉美的案例很不一样。衡阳案例大概有三个特点:

  一、它是间接选举,是小范围的选举。候选人不是去贿赂选民,而是贿赂代表,贿赂衡阳市的代表,518名市人大代表,这是很重要的特点。间接选举比直接选举更加容易出现贿选,做选举研究和选举历史发展研究的时候,这是一个大致的共识。举例来说,衡阳市713万人口,有76名代表,大致是每9.4万人选一个湖南省的代表。如果采取直选的话,候选人要贿选9.4万人,即使是20块钱一张票,组织过程也可能会非常复杂,很难组织。如果选省人大代表由间接选举改成直接选举,这个事情可能更难发生一些。

  另外,衡阳市代表本身又是由衡阳各个县和区选出来的,这些代表不是直接向选民负责的,如果衡阳市代表本身也是直选出来的话,他要向选民负责的,要接受贿选这个钱的话也比较难一些。我个人感觉,在目前的间接选举体制之下,贿选确实是成本太低了,行贿和受贿的成本都太低了。十年以前,山西有一个村长直选,贿选就花了194万,湖南省的一个代表才值两百万,这个价格太低了。之所以价格这么低,也是由于间接选举导致的。事实上当时西欧和北美由间接选举改为直接选举,很大的动力就是要杜绝这样的贿选,我们做选举研究从这个角度应该是一个比较好的切入点。

  二、湖南衡阳这个贿选案件,它不是由行贿人和受贿人直接交易,是由选举的组织者作为中介人。在历史上的欧洲或者现在的非洲和拉美,他们贿选也有中介,但是中介人绝对不是选举委员会,也不是选举领导小组。衡阳这次选举,最大的特点就是一个在政府体系里相对比较弱势的工作人员,去做贿选的中介人。这给我们的启发是什么呢?如果没有一个相对比较中立、比较专业的选举委员会的话,选举要不然成为领导意志的傀儡,要不然就成为贿选的中介人。这反而败坏了选举的名声,使选举本身就出现很大的问题。我想,做宪法和《选举法》研究的老师,已经注意到了,中国的选举委员会是临时的,是不够中立、不够专业的。

  在欧美和很多发展中国家,选举委员会大概有三种模式,第一种是行政的,另外一种是在议会下面的,第三种是比较中立的,特别是发展中的民主国家,选举委员会往往是比较独立。中国的选举委员会,如何专业化一些,至少不做贿选的中介,这是一个很大的警示,同时也是选举改革的一个方向。

  三、衡阳贿选在过去十年甚至过去很长时间都存在,但是为什么杜绝不了呢?为什么这样长期存在呢?我认为还是缺乏一个比较公开、透明的提名程序和比较公开透明的竞选程序。以前我们是否定竞选的,但是从社会学意义上来讲,竞选或者拉票又是存在的,如果你不让他竞选的话,他实际上偷偷去干的话,可能就是贿选,选举质量可能就很差。如果允许在一定范围之内通过透明程序竞选的话,反而才能控制选举进程、提高选举质量。我们老师、同学们做研究的时候,可能要探讨如何通过这样的案件,建立更加公开、透明的选举程序杜绝贿选。1923年的曹锟贿选和2013年的衡阳贿选,提醒我们注意中国一百年以来的选举发展和民主发展的问题,贿选现象为什么长期存在,这与选举制度的安排和设计是有关系的。

  我来自于湖南,对衡阳贿选目前还没有进行扎实的研究。个人感觉,在衡阳这个地方大面积贿选的产生,可能跟湖南的政治文化和经济结构是有关系的。湖南的企业家更有动力去贿选,可能是由于湖南企业家的人身安全和财产没有办法得到很好的保障,只有借一个护身符;另外,湖南的官本位思想比江浙和广东一带更加严重一些,很多湖南人现在还认为,做企业不是很光荣的事情,做学问也不是很值得追求的事情,只有当官才算光宗耀祖。需要通过改革,改变这样一种政治文化。

  这是我个人初步的意见,接着,我提出几点不成熟的建议:第一是尽快把选举由小圈子的间接选举改为大众参与的直接选举;第二是建立相对比较专业的选举委员会;第三就是建立比较透明、公开的提名程序和竞选程序,这可能是迫在眉睫的。要不然的话,花这么大力气去监督选举、查选举,成本太高了。

  扶松茂:非常感谢孙老师。为什么要扩大直选,下次我们要开会讨论。欧美为什么在18世纪就扩大选举,从一个最基本的权利角度也提出了这个问题,这个权利不是私权了,而是一个公权力,这个公共事务的选择是影响每个人,如果把你影响每个人的权力委托给别人的话,别人可以影响你,而你自己不能,所以直接选举要比间接选举更加贴近一些,衡阳和山西的比较确实有非常大的研究价值。接下来请蒋老师。

  蒋劲松:行贿人没有正当的选举能力,所以选择了行贿

  蒋劲松:贿选本身确实是很丑恶的事,衡阳贿选案的意义是什么呢?是用一种丑恶的方式去冲击一种亟待改革的《选举法》。丑恶我就不说了,《选举法》本身怎么亟待改革呢,我们可以从很多角度理解,一个是我们去思考《选举法》本身的价值定位,以前不要说国外,中共在打江山的时候就定得很准,虽然那个时候中共在自己的根据地也已经有党的领导权了,党的领导权和群众的关系是千方百计支持和鼓励老百姓的选举权,在根据地中共是领导党,不是一个造反的党,对国统区而言是一个造反的党,但是在自己的根据地是一个领导权,千方百计鼓励老百姓投好自己的那一票。问题是,掌握了大陆的政权之后,对《选举法》的定位就有一个大幅度的改变,这个改变本身是很令人忧虑的,既不符合《选举法》的举世方向,甚至也不符合马列自己经典《选举法》的理论,也忘记了中共自己在打江山时候对《选举法》的本质的追求。让人看起来中共自己在世人面前、在国人面前对选举的真心可能是有点让人怀疑的,你打江山的时候那么说,说中国最缺的就是民主,怎么补这个缺呢?搞选举,真搞选举,药方开得很对。建国以后真的就不缺民主了吗?还是仍然缺的。怎么补救呢?仍然需要真搞选举。恰恰在基础性的问题上,我们的领导者价值方向、价值判断可能出现了重大的偏差。从1953年《选举法》一直到现在,各位看的它对选举主体的认识是有重大欠缺的,我们现在承认的选举权的主体其实有两个,一个是候选人,第二个是选民。从理论上分析选举权的构成还是纵观世界《选举法》的文本和实践都会找到《选举法》一个非常重要的主体,选举关系中非常重要的主体,我们现在把它定位候选人,在我们的认识里是定位为被动、机械的接受提名人和选民意识的一个意识客体,不是一个意识主体。候选人从古希腊罗马一直到西方传下来的,不是被动机械的接受他方意识的客体,而是我的意思的主体。

  衡阳贿选案除了衡阳之外,我看了一些材料,全国间接选举还有很多的贿选,所以你说这是一个个例我不太相信。

  扶松茂:这么大规模的应该不是普遍的。

  蒋劲松:用这种丑恶方式表达意识的人有很多,但是从行贿人的角度来看,有一个意识还是正当的,就是他想当选,作为公民他有被选举资格,他想自己利用这种资格,请你们选举我,提名我。这个意识本身是符合《选举法》的法理的,但是我们的《选举法》问题就在于否认候选人的主动权,你只能被动的当一个不会说话没有意识表达的候选人,你听我的。他们用了丑恶的方式表达了我想自己表达我的意识,不甘于你的命令了,他们选择了比较有中国人情味的方式就是红包,其实这种方式也丑恶。这种丑恶方式的深层里很多动力,恰恰有一个动力是我们应当承认但是目前极力压制的,就是《选举法》本身错了。如果我们要搞制度自信的话,《选举法》建立的制度而言我们应该觉得惭愧,而谈不上自信,现在是很惭愧的选举制度,根本欠缺候选人的定位不对。从提名到竞选,这是选举整个流程中的两个环节而已,不一定局限于这两个环节,根本上就是候选人是不是意识的主体,关键的在这儿,我们的《选举法》要调整。提名人的权力是什么性质的权力也要反思,这两个问题反思清楚了,我们的《选举法》慢慢可以在选举制度上自信了,现在不能说选举制度自信,只能是选举制度惭愧、羞愧。

  第二点就是除了《选举法》本身有这些令人羞愧和汗颜的地方,衡阳贿选案以及各级对衡阳贿选案的处理方式反映了什么呢?借用现在十八届三中全会的决定的最新话语来说,国家治理能力把它具体化一点,具体到选举能力的层次,我们的选举能力还非常差,说明了这一点。在选举中各方主体的选举能力都差,行贿人当然是被逼的,他没有正当的选举能力,所以选择了行贿,选举的提名方、管理方和投票方的选举能力也极差。要反思的是,谁用了这种丑恶方式应该打击谁,但是从根本和长远来讲,相关主体都要反思自己的选举能力是不是达到了时代所需要的程度,社会民主所需要的高度。现在可能是这个问题,很多方面的选举能力还太差,与法理、民众的要求和社会期望还有很大的距离,亟待提高。

  扶松茂:蒋老师提出了选举能力的问题,从代表身上反映出来的确实也是亟待提高的。在选举过程中这是很重要的,就是选举人的自主意识,这是任何一个民主选举过程中最要保障的一条。刚才蒋老师一再强调这确实是一个肮脏、丑陋的方式冲击了亟待改善的体制。刚才还有几位老师讲,这个行为本身肯定是不值得任何肯定的,但是它所反映的趋势是值得肯定的,贿选肯定是没有任何必要去肯定的,但是他通过贿选反映出来我想作为一个自主的选举人的意识是非常值得肯定的。接下来请王广辉老师。

  王广辉:中国政治“显规则不足、潜规则有余”

  王广辉:衡阳贿选案件的想法,关于这个事情,这涉及到中国的选举制度的问题。中国的选举制度存在于中国的社会环境当中,贿选是一个具体的事件,通过这个事件,选举制度本身存在和生存的社会环境有一定的联系,这个事件本身暴露出来的是我们政治的生态环境的问题,我想从这个方面来谈一谈。

  一、在中国的政治当中,我认为叫做显规则不足、潜规则有余。中国的政治是缺乏很透明、健全的公开规则使政治能够很好的运作,大家在公开的规则下做游戏,你有什么利益去正当的追求,这个没有问题,但是我们缺乏。我们的选举制度来讲,我们现在有《选举法》,但是《选举法》本身的规定也不是太全面,有一些方面过于宏观,过于笼统。就选举本身来讲,包括代表名额的分配上,因为代表要体现广泛性,要照顾到方方面面,代表名额的分配上来讲,我们现在实际操作规则与《选举法》规定的是有很大差别的。去年国家社科基金跑了两个地方调研,代表名额的分配上是组织部掌握得非常严格的,是你下面根本没有任何选择余地的,各占多少是有严格的标准的,绝对不能超过的。这样的话,实际上在确定候选人上无论是政党还是社会团体、选民代表联名推荐根本没有选择的余地,如果不符合组织部门确定的比例的话,根本就通不过的。这是实际运行的一套规则,跟《选举法》的一套规则是不一样的,缺乏一个公开透明的规则来进行自由竞争。

  二、中国政治的双代表制,人大是代表人民的,代表人民当家作主的,现在我们国家还有一个代表就是党,党也是代表人民的,双代表的话,就不可避免的会发生冲突。我们的政治在双代表的情况之下会出现什么结果呢,我们很多的制度设计包括政治的运行,所谓的浅规则,最终的根本目的是要确定党的代表性,人大的代表性变成了一个附属的东西,人民的代表性不能超过党的代表性。人民的代表性包括人大这个所谓的权力机关,实际变成了一个合法化的工具,有些执政党的方针政策通过人大变成法律和决定加以合法化。衡阳贿选事件我觉得冲击了这些,为什么现在我们要把这个事件揭露出来,揭露出来的目的不是为了更好的将人大的人民的代表性提高,而是它冲击了党的代表性,我们现在把它揭露出来是基于这样的原因,党各方面控制选举,不要冲击和否定党的代表性,基于这样一个意图的话,这个问题更加严重了。

  三、中国大一统的政治,这个大一统的政治,思想高度统一。所以我们对人大代表的选举包括对人大活动的控制目的就是使得党保持同一个声音,不要有不同的声音,不同的声音、不同的意见的表达,在我们的政治话语当中认为是一个不好的事情,是一个出格、另类的事情。你看看我们的全国人大包括全国政协委员甚至把投了反对票、弃权当成很丢人的事情,申纪兰原来文化程度很低,但是倪萍当全国政协委员,说投反对票是给国家、给政府添乱,说我们是子女,不要给妇女添乱。说倪萍的文化修养很低,这个恐怕说不过去,但是这个意识应该代表了很大一部分人,这是大一统的政治造成了这样一种结果,是政治生态环境来讲有这方面原因。

  另外,对代表角色身份的认同上我们长期存在着错误,当代表是干什么的?这个问题可能比较简单,我们选举代表的时候包括制度的设计操作,包括候选人的确定、投票制度,这个问题是不是真的解决了呢?我觉得不一定。投票要选代表是干什么的,不一定很多人都清楚,包括候选人,他为什么要当这个代表他也不一定很清楚,因为我们更多的是把当代表当成一种荣誉、一种奖赏,而且受到奖赏的人又利用代表的身份和资格能够为自己谋取很多的利益、好处,基于这样一种心态,不是真正的去代表大家表达大家的诉求的,对代表的角色和身份的错位,我想也是具体、直接的原因。

  扶松茂:谢谢王老师,王老师从政治生态角度,是研究整个中国政治制度包括选举制度非常重要的前提。目前为止整个政治生态包括从一百多年前,整个国家的根本原则是民主集中制,但是集中体现的还是家长集中制,这种情况下使得很多问题确实跟这个有关系。

  关于代表的角色认同,我们现在的代表即使包括这些贿选的人想去当代表人的,还是把这个作为个人牟利的资源和资本,这是代表的身份认同,因为代表是有公共影响和公共权力的角色,我们现在还没有意识到。欧洲19世纪就已经有很多讨论了,是代表个人的还是代表公共的,我们还得继续讨论。

  最后请柳红老师发言!

  柳红:新选的程序的合法性仍待考究

  柳红:我再补充我前面说的两个观察,一个是怎么看习近平的反应,无论习近平还是湖南省书记,说衡阳的共产党员都到哪儿去了。这个话还是得放在选举的真意的框架上来判断这个话是什么含义,他的恼怒就在于捅了篓子,坏了规矩,本来就是个走过场的顺利平滑实现党的意志的东西,这个得靠共产党员实现,而你们的共产党员哪儿去了。现在的报道,只要把衡阳当成负面的,任何一个批评衡阳的就变成了一个正面的了,我们在座的显然都清楚。

  衡阳这次都处理了之后,很快紧急的新选了一批,新选的程序的合法性,新选的人难道就比所谓贿选出来的这些更合法吗?我觉得这个值得继续往下研究,我们可能不知道候选这一块,把它后来的这一段也补上去,就更凸显了整个中国选举制度的弊端。

  扶松茂:柳老师提的问题,看了这些案例我也考虑了,以后《选举法》修改很重要的就是选举失败的救济措施,现在实际还是没有的,现在是把政协一块拿过来,整个搬家了,这是这个选举制度和人大制度时间方面是缺失的,因为我们之前根本就没有想到会这样。王老师讲的,根本没想到会这么冲击党的领导,出现这么大面积的。

  各位从不同角度做出了分析,是非常经典的看法,对我们进一步观察和理解衡阳事件有非常大的启发。接下来是自由讨论时间,每个人第一次发言不超过8分钟。

  马岭:毛泽东认为的民主就是要倾听群众的意见然后由党来做最后决定

  马岭(中国青年政治学院):刚才大家的发言对我很有启发。这个事件出来之后我第一个反应觉得这是一个好事情,我当初很希望它有一个连锁反应,我想如果中央想将改革作为一个突破口,或者说想趁机来治理我们的人大制度、选举制度的话,其实这是一个很好的机会,每一个负面事件实际上都可以成为改革的突破口。但现在看来好像没有太大的连锁反应,也没有看出中央想拿这个事改革一下人大。我想问一下在座的各位,比如秦前红你们可能比较了解内幕,全国人大委员长甚至更高层对这个事情是想就事论事的处理一下,撤一大批人就算了,还是想借这个事情做点什么,就这个事情推动一些制度的改革,比如说查一查各省市这样的现象,其实各地可能都程度不同地存在同样的问题,敢不敢查,能不能查,查到什么程度?如果想有所作为的话,我觉得这是一个大刀阔斧改革体制可以进入的突破口。

  关于根据地的民主我觉得蒋老师刚才说的不是非常准确,蒋老师说得太温和了。在我们根据地时期的选举就很有水分,这几年我把《毛泽东选集》五卷中关于民主的论述都梳理了一下,我发现他对民主选举是很排斥的,他讲民主的时候基本上是指民主监督,比如他和黄炎培的对话,著名的延安对话,他侧重讲的是让人民群众起来监督政府,他仅在井冈山时期讲过政权的选举问题,而且是从负面讲的,他说现在这套选举方法根本不行,非常乱,根本选不出我们要选的人出来,大概意思是这样,从那以后毛对选举问题基本没有正面谈过。但是谈民主集中制谈得很多,侧重点是讲党内的,讲国家的民主集中制讲得也很少。党内的民主集中制我也梳理了一下,他基本的意思是说民主就是要倾听群众的意见,集中就是由党来做最后决定,最后的决策权在党的手里,所以要坚持党的领导,党的领导是民主集中制中的集中部分。这个问题要深挖历史根源的话,从文化上还可以挖得更远,我们的传统文化是比较讲精英政治的,精英政治在过去是文官体制,通过选拔考试提拔一批精英治理人才,到科举考试废除之后,中国社会需要有新的精英,于是孙中山开始提出以党治国,后来国共两党都按照这个思路承续下来了。我们后来讲为人民服务,谁为人民服务?精英为人民服务,人民是服务的对象,而不是人民自己作主。这一套思想源远流长。回到刚才的话,我想知道高层对衡阳贿选到底是什么态度,是就事论事处理地处理一下,还是有借这个事情推动、健全人大制度的意思?

  秦前红:民智的开化和必要的话语权的争夺是学者要做的

  秦前红:从我目前了解的情况肯定是就事论事,不会上升为一个制度上的创新和制度上的改善。从理论上来讲,我们认为民主有几种类型,一个是党内民主,一个是所谓的自治民主,一个是协商民主,还有一个是代议民主。官方的取向来说,其他的民主是走不通的,协商民主是一个最好的东西,甚至也有一些学者讲,把人大民主都看成协商民主了,因为人大很多事情都协商,立法都是有事先的协商的,说这就是协商。(马岭:这个协商民主我一直不是特别确定,到底谁和谁协商?)党在虚心听取各方的意见,这叫协商,党和群众、党和党派。

  还有一个附带谈一点的,我们在讨论衡阳选举的时候,我们做学者应该有一个更大的视野,包括最近的乌克兰、泰国、台湾的问题。我在写给共识网的评论里讲,台湾的问题会给我们大陆的那些反对民主的旧势力有一个反对民主的借口,台湾学运的重要特征是学生竟然不承认一个经过民主选举的代议机构的合法性,不承认立法的正当性,也不去服从规则,包括马英九本人说虽然是选举出来的,他现在民意跌到9%,一个经过选举的当初有正当性和合法性,但是你没有经受流动民意的考验,执政一两年以后,民意跌到9%以后,这还有什么民主正当性。台湾人现在提出了一个革命论,卢梭说的有权革命,或者说非暴力不合作的理论就是这次的学运,会让大陆的反对者说台湾怎么样,过去认为泰国、乌克兰民主不行,台湾民主我们称为海峡这边在搞阴谋,那边在搞选举,台湾是优质民主的代表,现在看台湾的民主也不优质,也有很大的问题,会导致对民主的污名化。学者这个时候不发声,让官方坐实了这个借口,有些学者没有给民主正本清源,该讲话的时候不讲话,包括衡阳贿选事件里公开表态的也就那么几个,其他的不吭声了,任由官方主导话语体系,我觉得民智的开化和必要的话语权的争夺是要做的。

  民主的选举关乎到对代议机构的功能定位问题,这个涉及到两个代表性的问题,十八届三中全会里虽然说60项改革中有两个不提,一个不提国企改革,第二个是不提党政关系,现在就是党国体制。关于人大的四项职权里,官方的意志就是说人大搞点民主监督就完了,张德江现在搞预算民主监督、全口径监督等等,加强人大内部专委会的议事规则研究等等。人事安排人大不要弄,甚至立法本身也成为一个操纵的东西,除非是因为政治局不想管,它想管的也肯定管死,剩下的就是搞一点监督的东西,监督也要取决于领导人本身的意志和情绪的变化,或者他对这个权力配置的认知的情况来做的。

  总体而言,大概在我们可见的五年或者十年之内,民主是不会有推进的。

  程海:衡阳案不是贿选,实际是索贿,是权力寻租

  程海(北京悟天律师事务所):关于贿选的原因和影响分析,贿选很普遍,二十年前我一个同学已经是村长了,他要继续选,告诉他是二十万,乡长是五十万,他不愿意掏这个钱,有人告诉他二十万一年就回来,他这个人比较正直,就不愿意。我们经常听到下面的贿选非常普遍,包括村委会的选举,为什么贿选很普遍呢?村委会按道理来讲是上面控制不是太严的,我碰到一个村委会,上面干涉,干涉一次他们排斥一次,最后三次民意当选,大多数选民,当选的人无非是给别人利益,因为大家都没有为公共利益、长远利益的习惯,他就施之以小惠,所以是购买选票。我们拉票也是这样,我给你利益,给你承诺,是以这个方式,这是正常的贿选,等于我把你长远的利益牺牲掉了,然后就给你小利。这是关于贿选的普遍性问题。

  第二,关于本案,本案不是一个贿选,实际是索贿,是权力寻租。我前面讲的是个别进行的,比较隐蔽的,是买卖的关系,是一票一票买的,这是一个选票的批发,是一个批发性的出售,原来一个两个的,占不了便宜,如果选不上我就把钱还给你,所以这是一个权力寻租,被选举权的寻租。把这个看作是掌权者的出售行为。这个案子和别的不一样就在于这儿,现象是这样,根本原因就是垄断被选举权,垄断权利,首先就是提名权,然后是被选举权。贿选已经进行了这么多年,将近了二三十年了,居然到现在才开始浮出水面,因为批发了,还是有人揭发了,可见大家非常不敏感。这些人为什么要选举呢,人大代表也是往往和他的利益相关,当他的经济利益达到一定程度要得到社会的认可,人大代表是一种政治权力,中国的政治权力是有了政治权力就有了一切,不是你讲有经济权力,金钱什么都能买得到,在中国还是不行,还是要领导批准,本案也反映了这个。他们购买人大代表名额,这种交易是为了提高自己的社会地位,没有几个人提出提案的,要真正关心像人大代表履行义务的话,你观察他当代表以后在这个上面有没有提案,没有他就不是,就是开会,就是要这个名誉,这边出售的是被选举权,那边购买的是一个社会地位,当然也有少数人履行代表的职责。

  在这种情况下,领导想牟利,这边又需求,所以交易就成功了,垄断被选举权提名,选举的情况下这是必然的状态,因为这个也有习惯了,批一个项目,你给我送钱,大家也很习惯了,所以贿选只是它的一种形式而已,没有什么特殊性,就是卖一个项目,但是项目一般不退钱,这个还退钱呢,要守规则。

  它的影响至少有两点,第一是引起了全社会的关注,贿选确实存在,而且很普遍,大规模化,权力机关开始公开的出售、批发,大家还没有看到,我要不点的话,大家觉得还是另外一种状态,实际它是一个批发的状态。第二是影响了社会和当权者,这也影响了当权者的形象,毕竟是执政党。我们可以提出,全国人大设立一个全国人大法律实施监督委员会,像中纪委这样的机构,监督公检法,这样就有力度了。

  周其明:我觉得衡阳贿选事件可以和几年前衡阳发生另外一个事件对照起来分析,2007年的时候,衡阳市人大会议否决了衡阳市中级法院的工作报告,说明了一点,几年前也就是大概六七年前发生这个事情,说明至少在衡阳这个地方,它的控制能力是比较弱的。选举权利的下移直接冲击权力垄断。

  衡阳贿选事件实际就是对权力垄断的突破,所以是有一些正面意义的,当然它是通过一种恶的形式表现出来的。因为这在我们国家目前权力的垄断确实比较严重,现在权力家族化、私有化、基层社会黑社会化、阶层固定化现象比较突出,在这种情况下实际上我们没有很多突破的渠道,目前是通过资本家用金钱开路的模式进行突破。衡阳人大代表的构成里,也可以看到这次选的76个人的代表其中32个是企业家,32个在76个比例里占40%多的比例,这是一个大的比例,这个构成在人大会议中足以对政府工作报告、法院工作报告提出有效的反对意见。当然,它的出发点可能并不是为了这个地方人民的利益,可能是出于自己的一些关联利益的考虑。

  从学术上归纳,就是一种"选拔的权力的垄断"到"对选举权利的争夺",到我们这个选举权的保障问题,现在可能还谈不上权利问题,因为他只是对自己利益的追求,实际上权利本身就代表一种利益,这种利益究竟是为了个体的少数利益服务还是为多数人利益服务,这是另外一个层面,但是它确实在沿这样一个层面转化。

  雷弢:国外多党制是选党,我们人大代表选的是人

  雷弢(北京社科院):关于贿选肯定是丑陋的,但是贿选为什么会出现?我觉得可能就是用两句话,一个是上面没变下面变了,就是社会变了。这个社会变了,从民生到民权、民主的一种顺序的诉求。刚才秦老师说到关于竞争性选举无法避免贿选,如果我们单从消除贿选现象来看,确实是这样的,但是反过来说,贿选本身是尊重竞争的一种规律,而且它的前提就是有竞争,你只要选举就肯定会有贿选,因为是差额选举,要是等额选举当然没有竞争了,只要是差额选举就肯定有竞争,这个竞争贿选现象就不可避免,确实是这样的。但是我们不能因为贿选本身出现了问题,我们就说我们现在没有竞争的选举制度就是好的了,不能反过来这么说。

  还有一个要区别的是,我们的人大代表选的是人,不是选党,不像国外的多党制是选党。从贿选的角度来讲,我看过德国和日本包括柬埔寨的选票,就是一个党排出来多少候选人的名字,一个选民要同时选党和选人,党得票多,安排的候选人自然就进去。我问过他们,包括德国、日本的同事,他们反而没有听说过贿选,他们是选党而不是选人。对于我们肯定不会走这个路的,但是从我们基层选举来讲,我们选的是个人而不是选党,所以从这个角度来讲,可以找到一些规避的方法,尽量控制贿选而不是说反过来证明说我们现在的提名制度是最好的,当然肯定不能这么证明。

  李辉(复旦大学):德国是投两次票,一次投给人,一次投给党,最后是两个加总。所以有可能最后两个结果是相反的,人选择了那个人,但是党没有选择那个党。

  雷弢:可以用一些技术性的制度来规避这些情形。还有一个问题就是我觉得现在确实有很多刚进入民主的国家,包括柬埔寨、乌克兰、泰国等等,出现社会乱象,很多人就认为像秦老师说的落实了他们反民主派的口实,说一切是乱的,乌克兰本来是想把亲俄的总统赶走,结果最后独立出来一个克里米亚归俄罗斯了。恰恰中国的选举我们还没有到国家层面,我们只到县一级,其实我们可以完全不理会那些东西,我们就改我们现成的这些法,我觉得就是一条比较可行的路。下午我还要讲到制度改革时,我再多说一点。

  袁达毅:病态竞争是后台竞争

  袁达毅:我说是两个问题,第一,我们不搞等额选举,选举过程又没有竞争,不会出现贿选,这是不可能的,只要搞民主的地方,政治领域里始终是存在竞争的,你是搞等额选举也好,也是存在竞争的,竞争是一种病态竞争,病态竞争是后台竞争,政治领域的竞争方式不一样,通过送钱送东西去贿赂官员争取提名也是一种竞争。现在关键的问题是现在一些地方的选举过程中进入病态竞争的状态,我们怎么样培养一种健康的竞争,现在衡阳这个事很明显,公开、健康的竞争平台没有,所以就陷入了一种病态的竞争状态。

  第二,关于乌克兰、台湾的情况,包括泰国的情况。我是有这么一个判断的,如果我们像乌克兰、泰国那样去搞选举,从我们的文化和传统,目前来说我们的情况可能比他们要糟糕十倍都不止。我是这么认为的,中国历史上来说,我们过去的皇帝轮流坐,地方势力稍微大了一点,就搞割据,这是历史传统。而且我们的公民教育,目前的国民教育,我们几十年来,我们的教育都不是培养社会需要的教育,过去我们搞的是愚民教育,假大空的教育,不是从基本行为规范来教育公民,我们的公民意识、公民权利都没有,真正没有培育起一种遵守公共规范。现在由愚民教育发展到愚官教育,比如"七不讲","七不讲",我就遇到这么一个事,我们有一个课程叫民主政治建设与公民社会培育,这个课程本来是我们讲了多少年的课程,安排另外一个教授讲,教学大纲已经安排好了,课程也安排出去了,结果给我打电话说袁老师,你们搞的公民教育那个课快捅娄子了。我说我不信谣,不传谣,中央文件没下来之前我不改。最后直接给这个老师打电话了,就把这个课取消了。

  从目前的情况来看,我们几十年来的教育,我们的公民意识,你说给反民主的口实,那就有口实了,如果我们真搞,可能比乌克兰还要糟糕十倍都不止。那次在大庆开会的时候秦前红老师给我们讲说我们国家的情况和西方不一样,人家是先有国家后有政党,我们是先有政党再建立国家,是政党领导人民去建立了一个国家,去打江山的,所以政党对政治的控制始终是不会放的。

  罗洪洋(中南财经政法大学):衡阳贿选事件更多的是一个偶然事件,我比较赞同秦老师的预测,我这样理解习总书记的话,他问共产党员哪里去了,应该是这样问的,衡阳市委书记哪里去了,是怎么领导衡阳市的。是说的市委书记对政局的把控能力,市委书记你就不要再干了,以后可能就不会再出现在选举前不久的时候派一个新的市委书记来,因为新的市委书记对选举把控能力肯定是很有限的。这样的偶然事件对推动民主的意义可能不大,而使共产党更总结经验来怎么把控选举,以后衡阳贿选这样的情形可能再次出现的可能性不大,贿选是有的,但是小范围、小规模,更地下。

  李辉:民主化转型的国家选举腐败最严重

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  民营企业家真的是蛮重要的,在整个改变政治生态的过程中,我们真的去研究一下。民营企业家为什么一定要去做这个事情呢,如果人大没什么权力的话,民营企业家我觉得有两个动机,一个是保护自己,我有一个代表身份的话,我的企业可能不太会受到比较多的单位的盘剥比如税务等监管部门的盘剥。第二是购买接近权力的动机,人大本身没什么权力,但是这个组织本身是有一些有权的人在里面,所以在民营企业家眼里,人大会议有可能像一个俱乐部,这个俱乐部里面是给政界和商界提供了一个平台,大家可以在这里去做一些事情。而且这个俱乐部是经过官方认证的,你花钱进这个俱乐部,比你去一些野路子的俱乐部上当受骗的机会少,因为肯定都是官方认证过的精英在里面,所以是肯定有钱的。所以资本为什么会寻着这个路子做这个事情是比较容易理解的。

  它其实是提供了一个竞争的口子在里面,我们在讲这个事情是一个不好的事情,但是我们要看跟谁比,跟成熟的民主制度比它是对民主的破坏,跟威权制度比,它是一个对于竞争的加强。

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  李凡:我的逻辑比较简单,我们是研究选举的,在选举当中任何贿选都是不对的,只要你有选举,贿选肯定不对。贿选不对,为什么会产生这个贿选呢?我们回过来就要看这个选举制度是不是有问题。回过来看,就是你的选举制度是有问题的,就是不公开,提名权不公开、选举权不公开,所以这个选举制度必须改,除非你不叫选举的话。只要叫选举,这个就不行了,就要公开,共产党将来要不要搞选举,现在从村委会的选举和基层民主来看,前十年还好,因为当时经济发展需要社会有一个领头羊出来,这些人不是你官方培养的,但是有能力领着村民们能够取得一些经济上的成就,所以就开始鼓励大家选举,这是当年民政部推动选举的一个主要原因。推动完之后发现不对了,这个选举和党的权力统治发生了冲突了,现在就不再推动这些选举了,从世界各国来看,独裁者都有很多,都不愿意搞选举,最后为什么要搞?还是合法性问题。共产党第一代是打天下的,王震讲我是马上打天下,马上坐天下。第二代近一点,像习近平这样的还可以。第三代还能这样吗?你的合法性到底在哪儿?解决合法性问题就必须得有选举。如果有选举,这个选举就必须是公开、公平、正义的,要不然就没办法。

  扶松茂:大家对这个问题已经有各个方面的不同的解读和看法,主要的就是集中在我们的制度确实有很多是需要改革和调整的,这也是这个事件给我们提供了一个关注和研究的动力。对选举的制度认知和对选举的整个中国的政治结构里,还没有把选举作为我们党和政府合法性的基础,从而在很大程度上就是流于形式。现在共产党特别是新一代的,不要让这个形式的东西损毁我的实质性的东西,我们的改革预期还是不要太乐观。

  我在人大也旁听过,现在选出来的代表,一旦真正选成代表了,他已经不完全是听话的了。我们去旁听杨浦区、上海市人大常委会开会的时候,为了预算,去年评审了很多预算,怎么分,各路代表完全不是跟你客客气气的,整个中国民主发展的社会力量已经起来了,虽然你不讲,但是已经起来了。上午的讨论到此结束!

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